巢湖四条入湖河流硝态氮污染来源的氮稳定同位素解析   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

刘姝  孔繁翔  蔡元锋  阳振  王济奎  史小丽 《湖泊科学》2012,24(6):952-956

采用氮稳定同位素技术对巢湖四条主要污染输入河流(南淝河、十五里河、派河和双桥河)的氮污染状况和硝态氮来源进行研究.结果表明,巢湖四条入湖河流氮污染最严重的是十五里河,其次是南淝河和派河,双桥河的污染相对较轻.硝态氮的稳定同位素分析结果表明,巢湖四条入湖河流的硝态氮污染物在季节上受到不同因子的影响.十五里河和南淝河的硝态氮污染主要来源于城市生活污水和工业废水;派河的硝态氮污染在冬季主要来源于工业废水,春季来源于农业面源,而在夏季主要受到雨水的影响;双桥河的硝态氮污染冬、春季主要来源于农业面源,夏季主要受雨水的影响.此外本研究结果还表明巢湖四条主要入湖河流的氮污染源主要为铵态氮,因此今后要对铵态氮的来源进行同位素示踪.  相似文献   

The response of braided planform configuration to flow variations,bed reworking and vegetation: the case of the Tagliamento River,Italy     

Matilde Welber  Walter Bertoldi  Marco Tubino 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(5):572-582

Morphological features of braided rivers (bars, channels and pools) experience major changes in area, shape and spatial distribution as a response to (i) the pulsation of discharge during a flood and (ii) the bed evolution induced by floods. In this work, at‐a‐station relationships between water level and planform configuration were investigated on the Tagliamento River, a large gravel‐bed braided river in northeast Italy, over a 2‐year study period comprising three bankfull events and several small‐to‐medium floods. The analysis was performed on two 1‐km‐long reaches, characterized by different riparian vegetation cover. Ground‐based images with an hourly temporal resolution were acquired using software‐controlled, digital cameras. Bars, channels, pools and vegetated patches were manually digitized on more than 100 rectified images. Sequences of constant‐level images spanning the study period were used to quantify the impact of floods on the stability of at‐a‐station relationships and on the turnover rate of water bodies. The analysis shows that wetted area increased almost linearly with water level in both reaches. The average number of branches per cross‐section peaked at intermediate flow levels, increasing from 2 at low flow up to 6–7. The number of branches displayed the largest fluctuations over time, with significant changes produced also by moderate floods. Turnover rates were high in both reaches, with more than 30% of wetted areas at low flow converting into bare gravel in less than 2 months. Vegetation colonization was found to limit the mobility of the low flow channels over time by concentrating the flow in fewer, deeper anabranches. The number of channels per cross‐section was 30–40% less in the vegetated reach and the proportion of low flow water bodies in the same position after 12 months increased from 3% to 14%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

北京城区河湖水质分析   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

杜桂森  吴玉梅  扬忠山  武佃卫  刘靖 《湖泊科学》2005,17(4):373-377

调研结果显示,2003年北京城区河湖(11个监测水体)总磷、总氮含量分别为0．142mg/L、1．481mg/L,已达到比较 严重的富营养状态．北京城市河湖属于藻型水体,初级生产力主要决定于浮游藻类的群落结构与密度．河湖水体中浮游 藻类密度为37867．82×10~4cells/L,其群落由蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bcillariophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophy— ta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)、黄藻(Xanthophyta)、金藻(Chrysophyta)和裸藻(Eugleniphyta)构成．群落中蓝藻占绝对优势 (89．54%)．在近几年的夏秋季连续发生程度不同的微囊藻(microcystis)水华,对水体功能和城市景观造成了不良影响． 主要原因是：(1)氮磷和有机物的污染,(2)给城市河湖补给的水量少,(3)河湖生态系统被损害,水体自净能力差．本文 对如何改善北京城市河湖水质提出了建议．  相似文献   

An empirical model of event scale cohesive bank profile evolution     

Jim Pizzuto 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(9):1234-1244

The highly stochastic nature of riverbank erosion has driven the need for spatially explicit empirical models. Detailed bank profile surveys along a meander bend of the Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania, USA, before and after 28 high flow events over a 2·5 year period are used to develop an empirical model of cohesive bank profile erosion. Two hundred and thirty‐six bank erosion observations are classified as hydraulic erosion or subaerial erosion. Threshold conditions required to initiate bank erosion cannot be defined based on field measurements. Using the near‐bank velocity and the number of freeze–thaw cycles as predictors, regression equations are derived for hydraulic erosion that specify the length, thickness, and location on the bank face of eroded blocks. An empirical discriminant function defines the critical geometry of overhang failures, and the volumes removed by overhang failures are computed using another regression equation. All the regression equations are significant, but have low correlation coefficients, suggesting that cohesive bank erosion has a strong stochastic component. Individual events typically remove small masses of soil (average volume 0·084 m³/m) a few centimeters thick (median = 0·057 m) and a few decimeters in length (median = 0·50 m) from the lower third of the bank. Hydraulic erosion is responsible for 87% of all erosion. When applied to three survey sites not used in its development, the profile model predicts the total volume of erosion with errors of 23%, 5% and 1%. Twenty‐four percent of computed erosion volumes for single events are within 50% of observed volumes at these three sites. Extending the approach to decadal timescales and to entire bends will require three‐dimensional observations of bank failure, and spatially and temporally explicit methods to account for the influence of individual large trees on bank failures and near‐bank hydraulic processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Long-term plankton studies at the lower Rhine/Germany     

Günther Friedrich  Marlies Pohlmann 《Limnologica》2009,39(1):14-39

The river Rhine has lain under considerable anthropogenic stress of its water quality for 100 years. As early as 1905 the first results of studies of the plankton in the Rhine were published. Due to the long residence time of the water a real potamoplankton can develop and at the end of the Lower Rhine it reaches its highest density. The paper consists of two parts. At first an overview is given about the history of plankton studies in the Rhine. The second part is the presentation of results from a monitoring at the Lower Rhine from 1979 to 2004.First systematic studies started at the beginning of the 20th century at the beginning of pollution. Our studies started during a phase of recreation from extreme pollution and eutrophication. Samples were taken at four stations: Bad Honnef, km 640, entrance to North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, km 732, Duisburg, km 792 downstream large industrial effluents and big cities, Kleve-Bimmen, km 865 at the border to the Netherlands.In the 1970s nutrients were high, especially phosphate 0.65 mg PO₄-P L⁻¹ in 1979. After 1980 phosphate dropped to 0.11 mg PO₄-P L⁻¹ in 2004 (mean values of the growing season). Ammonia was reduced from about 0.52 (1979) to 0.02 (2004) mg NH₄-N L⁻¹. Nitrate remained between 3.72 (1989) and 2.26 (2004) mg NO₃-N L⁻¹ at a relatively high level. Oxygen concentrations were very low during the 1960s and 1970s, sometimes only 4 mg L⁻¹ O₂. During our studies the oxygen increased up to 9 mg L⁻¹ O₂ with a tendency to 11 mg L⁻¹ O₂ in the last years. Chlorophyll a was estimated to be between 59 (1979) and 31μg L⁻¹ (1986) with short peaks up to 170 μg L⁻¹ (1989). Since 1992 the mean values have varied between 30 (1993) and 21 μg L⁻¹ (2004).The floristic phytoplankton composition is characterised by the dominance of the centric diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Other diatoms like Skeletonema subsalsum, Skeletonema potamos and Asterionella formosa were regularly present in smaller quantities. The second dominant group was coccale green algae. During the 1980s they formed up to 35% of the biomass. Since the 1990s their contribution to the phytoplankton became much smaller. This change corresponds with the increase of wastewater treatment and the diminution of nutrients. All the other groups of algae were present in minor quantities. During the time of higher trophy in the 1970s and 1980s the phytoplankton formed two peaks, in recent years only one peak has developed, depending on different flow conditions during the growing season and lower trophic state in the upstream parts of the river.Excellent correspondence exists between cell number, biovolume and chlorophyll a content and the results of delayed fluorescence (DF) measurement. The trophic status in the Lower Rhine may be estimated as (moderate) eutrophic. The ecological status of the phytoplankton is good based on the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD).The zooplankton consists mainly of rotatoria and larvs of Dreissena polymorpha. Grazing on phytoplankton seems to be mainly due to the large quantities of benthic Dreissena and the newly introduced mussel Corbicula.  相似文献   

近50a以来青海省水资源变化趋势分析   总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20  

周陈超  贾绍凤  燕华云  杨贵林 《冰川冻土》2005,27(3):432-437

选取三江源区主要代表站1956-2000年的年径流量与年降雨量资料,分析青海省三江源区水资源变化趋势.结果表明:青海省三江源区近45a来水资源变化趋势不明显.为了从更广的区域说明问题,对内陆河区青海湖、柴达木盆地的主要代表站1956-2000年的年径流量与年降雨量资料进行了分析,发现除了香日德河年径流量呈现比较明显的增加趋势之外,其它各站的年径流变化趋势均不明显,与三江源区具有相似的变化特征.  相似文献   

三江并流区地貌与环境演化研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

明庆忠  史正涛  张虎才 《热带地理》2006,26(2):119-122

滇西北三江并流区地理环境演化既受青藏高原隆升的影响,同时又具有自己形成演化的特点,还以纵向岭谷地貌、水系形成演化等影响本区及周边的生态环境.三江并流区经历了古新世中新世地表夷平准平原阶段,中新世末第四纪初的岭盆谷形成发展阶段(高原发育期),更新世晚期以来的现代水系峡谷、纵向岭谷和垂向气候形成等几个时期的发展,形成了现今西南纵向岭谷区的主要组成部分,导致了生态环境的通道阻隔效应,形成了独具特色的自然地理区域.  相似文献   

漂浮植物修复技术净化城市河湖水体试验研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

黄廷林  戴栋超  王震  解岳  钟建红 《地理科学进展》2006,25(6):62-67

阐述了漂浮栽培植物修复系统的技术原理、特点与系统组成, 研究了在该系统中种植美人 蕉和旱伞草2 种植物的生长状况以及这些植物对城市河湖水体中氮、磷等的净化效果。尝试了将 漂浮栽培植物与生物接触氧化技术结合起来, 并研究了植物与生物填料的组合系统对水质的改 善效果。结果表明, 美人蕉和风车草在漂浮植物修复系统对氨氮的去除率均在90%以上, 漂浮栽 培植物与软性填料的组合系统对水中COD_Mn 的去除率达46%以上。  相似文献   

西北气候环境转型信号在新疆河川径流变化中的反映   总被引：72，自引：31，他引：41  

张国威  吴素芬  王志杰 《冰川冻土》2003,25(2):183-187

对新疆不同区域、不同补给类型的26条河流年平均径流量变化趋势分析研究,结果显示:大多数河流年径流量从1987年起出现增加趋势,天山山区增加尤其明显,其它地区有不同程度的增加,昆仑山北坡略微有减少.从径流变化来分析,天山山区的气候变化已出现由暖干向暖湿转型的信号,其它地区也正处在转型过程中.  相似文献   

近15年来长江黄河源区的土地覆被变化   总被引：63，自引：3，他引：60  

王根绪  丁永建  王建  刘时银 《地理学报》2004,59(2):163-173

基于长江黄河源区土地生态分类,利用1986年与2000年两期TM遥感数据的对比和野外实地调查,采用景观生态空间分布格局分析方法,从分布面积变化和类型转移趋向与幅度两方面,分析了江河源区近15年来土地生态系统的空间分布变化与演变格局,结果表明：高寒草地退化显著,较高覆盖度高寒草原与高寒草甸面积减少了15.82% 和5.15%,高寒沼泽草甸分布面积锐减了24.36%;湖泊水域萎缩了7.5%,以长江源区内流湖泊为主;土地荒漠化发展十分强烈,沙漠化土地面积扩展了17.11%,其中黄河源区沙漠化土地年平均扩展率达到1.83%。高寒草原草地的覆盖度下降与荒漠化、高寒草甸草地的覆盖度下降与草原化以及沼泽草甸草地的疏干旱化是区域土地生态系统空间演变的主要趋向,并由此改变了土地覆被的空间分布格局并使该区域生态环境持续恶化。  相似文献